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shared information bias
Shared information bias is known as the tendency for group members to spend more time and energy discussing information that all members are already familiar with (i.e., shared information), and less time and energy discussing information that only some members are aware of (i.e., unshared information).〔Forsyth, D. R. (2009). ''Group dynamics'' (5th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.〕 Harmful consequences related to poor decision-making can arise when the group does not have access to unshared information (hidden profiles) in order to make a well-informed decision.〔〔Baked, D. F. (2010). Enhancing group decision making: An exercise to reduce shared information bias. ''Journal of Management Education, 34'', 249-279.〕
==Causes==
Although discussing unshared information may be enlightening, groups are often motivated to discuss shared information in order to reach group consensus on some course of action. According to Postmes, Spears, and Cihangir (2001), when group members are motivated by a desire to reach closure (e.g., a desire imposed by time constraints), their bias for discussing shared information is stronger. However, if members are concerned with making the best decision possible, this bias becomes less salient.〔Postmes, T., Spears, R., & Cihangir, S. (2001). Quality of Decision Making and Group Norms. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80'', 918-930.〕 In support of the observations by Postmes et al. (2001), Stewart and Stasser (1998) have asserted that the shared information bias is strongest for group members working on ambiguous, judgment-oriented tasks because their goal is to reach consensual agreement than to distinguish a correct solution.〔Stewart, D. D., & Stasser, G. (1998). The sampling of critical, unshared information in decision-making groups: The role of an informed minority. ''European Journal of Social Psychology, 28'', 95-113.〕
The shared information bias may also develop during group discussion in response to the interpersonal and psychological needs of individual group members. For example, some group members tend to seek group support for their own personal opinions. This psychological motivation to garner collective acceptance of one's own initial views has been linked to group preferences for shared information during decision-making activities (Greitemeyer & Schulz-Hardt, 2003; Henningsen & Henningsen, 2003)〔Greitemeyer, T. & Schulz-Hardt, S. (2003). Preference-consistent evaluation of information in the hidden profile paradigm: Beyond group-level explanations for the dominance of shared information in group decisions. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84'', 322-339.〕〔Henningsen, D. D., & Henningsen, M. L. M. (2003). Examining social influence in information-sharing contexts. ''Small Group Research, 34'', 391–412.〕
Lastly, the nature of the discussion between group members reflects whether biases for shared information will surface. According to Wittenbaum et al., 2004), members are motivated to establish and maintain reputations, to secure tighter bonds, and to compete for success against other group members.〔Wittenbaum, G. M., Hollingshead, A. B., Paulus, P. B., Hirokawa, R. Y., Ancona, D. G., Peterson, R. S., Jehn, K. A., & Yoon, K. (2004). The functional perspective as a lens for understanding groups. ''Small Group Research, 35'', 17-43.〕 As a result, individuals tend to be selective when disclosing information to other group members.
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